Living with Damage to the Hypothalamus Essay -- Brain Neurology Medica

Living with Damage to the Hypothalamus Living with some-one who has a tumor or lesion; caused by an accidental trauma to the head, a stroke or a penetrating projectile, ect., can affect many aspects of normal life. Damage to the hypothalamus can produce many different problems in the body. According to James Kalat; the hypothalamus is a small area near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus. It has wide spread connections with the rest of the forebrain and the midbrain. The hypothalamus contains a number of distinct nuclei. Partly through nerves and partly through hypothalamic hormones, the hypothalamus conveys message to pituitary gland, altering its release of hormones. Damage to a hypothalamic nucleus leads to abnormalities in one or more motivated behaviors, such as feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, fighting, or activity level (Kalat, 2004). Some of the most predominant diseases that affect the family and the home life are; neurophysical diseases, adenohypophysical diseases, and other hypothalamic syndromes. The most common neurophysical diseases affected by damage to the hypothalamus are: Diabetes Insipidus, (SIADH) Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion and Cerebral Salt Wasting. Adenohypophysical diseases include: Panhypopituitarism (Simmonds Disease), abnormalities in growth and Cushing Disease and Cushing Syndrome. Other Hypothalamic syndromes that would affect family life include: Precocious Puberty, Adiposogenital Dystrophy (Froelich Syndrome), disturbances in regulation of temperature, appetite and sleep, lastly the Pineal Gland and Melatonin (Bostrom, 2003). The Hypothalamus serves as the â€Å"head ganglion† of bo... ...ontributing to a healthy relationship. Open communication may help family members deal with feeling of guilt, self-esteem, anxiety, and empathy towards the victim. Also, support for the spouse in planning the patient’s care regarding the specific issues and problems is extremely important for both parties. References Boller, Francois. (1982). Sexual Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders. New York, New York; Raven Press. Bostrum, Donald. (2003). Psychiatric Nursing. St.Louis; Mosbey Publishing. Engel, Jerome., Williamson, Peter. (1997). Fundamental Mechanisms of Human Brain Function. New York; New York; Raven Press. Kalat, James W. (2004). Biological Psychology. (8th ed.).Belmont; Wadsworth/Thompson Learning. Ropper, Allen H., Victor, Maurice. (2002). Manual of Neurology. (7TH ed.). International Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Neanderthals/Modern Human Interbreeding

In the advent of modern technology, it was found out that the now-extinct species of the Neanderthals do share a common ancestry with the modern human beings. This was through the analysis of the Neanderthal bone DNA from discovered Neanderthal fossil specimens. These Neanderthals were proven to be similar in the genetic makeup as compared to the modern human beings. This is despite the fact that Neanderthals and the modern human lineage have separated ways for some 370,000 years (Mozes; Gianaro). But then, the query lies whether or not the Neanderthals and the early human beings have interbred, which could have led to what the humans are now in the present. The Neanderthals, discovered way back in the 1850’s, are seen to be greatly related to the early human beings. This is because they were able to practice certain behaviors that are seen to be similar with that of the human beings, like burying their dead, skinning animals, building fires and being able to utilize tools made out of wood and stone. The difference they exhibit lie on their physical structure, wherein these Neanderthals are stockier than human beings, have comparably larger noses, muscle definitions, brows, and relatively larger brains. In relation to the coexistence of the Neanderthals and the early human beings, there are fossil evidences that these Neanderthals have existed in around 230,000 years ago in the European and western Asian regions. Dating back around 40,000 years ago, the early human beings, Homo sapiens, started moving northward, their migration patterns away from Africa, towards the European and Asian lands. And in a span of 10,000 years, the existence of Neanderthals have started to cease, vanishing from the old places they were situated, then had been isolated into smaller populations. After a few thousand years, they have totally disappeared from the face of the earth. The Neanderthal man was considered as the subspecies of the Homo sapiens, the species where the human beings are classified with. They got their name from the place where the remnants of the first Neanderthal were discovered, in Neanderthal, Germany. It was a valley where the fossils of the Neanderthal were unearthed. It was either classified as Homo sapiens neandertalensis or Homo neandertalensis depending on how scientists view them. Some scientists classify the Neanderthal as its own species, apart from Homo sapiens because of the large number of differences in the anatomy between Neanderthals and human beings (Gianaro). The anatomical structure of the Neanderthal has somewhat explained that they were the primary hominids to have survived and thrived in the harsh conditions of an extremely cold environment. They existed at the time of the glaciations in Europe, wherein they were forced to live and survive in the icy areas of the continent. Their bodies were built for adapting in these cold conditions, like their squat, stocky build which is efficient for maintaining the body temperature under the extremes of the cold environment. They have also developed large powerful muscles in their bodies which have proven to be useful in hunting animals in the cold. This is because there was no abundance of plants that could bear fruits that they can eat, leaving them with meat as their only choice. There bodies showed a lot of difference from that of the Homo sapiens. The H. sapiens contemporary of these Neanderthals which are from Africa and Asia have a relatively smaller skull and brow ridge thickness. With their differences laid, it is clear to see that humans and Neanderthals have a clear distinction, which may or may not have lead in what was speculated by other researchers as the result of interbreeding of the species. Some of these scientists say that even though they were different, they have interbred, which leads us to what the human beings are today. The present human beings have probably been the products or the cross between Neanderthals and the early Homo sapiens. Some say that these answer why the Neanderthals have disappeared, because they have blended in with the early human ancestors (Hsu). One of the studies that lead to the opening of doors for the idea of the Neanderthal interbreeding with early humans was when Neanderthal bones have been analyzed and underwent DNA sequencing. This study was done under the U.S. Department of Energy’s Berkeley National Laboratory and the Joint Genome Institute has yielded astonishing results regarding the similarities of the human and Neanderthal genes. The study arrived at a 99.5% similarity or identity between the two. But this doesn’t necessarily mean that there are evidences of crossbreeding between early human beings and the Neanderthals. The study has opened the door to the understanding that the early Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis shared a common ancestor around 700,000 years back time (Yarris and Rubin). This group of researchers, led by Edward Rubin, the director of the Joint Genome Institute and the Genomics Division of the Berkeley Lab, has achieved to establish the development of the Neanderthal metagenomic library, which was used for analyzing and characterizing more than 65,000 DNA groups which is rooted to Neanderthal ancestry. This is gives a new look at studying the Neanderthals, not only providing new information to the science world, but of further understanding these early hominids. This is essential in finding more about the roots of man, shedding new light to human origin. Erik Trinkaus, a resident anthropologist of the Washington University in St. Louis has published a set of new data analysis regarding the early modern human fossils. This was done along with his Romanian colleagues in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, wherein they have speculated a proof of the transition between Neanderthals and humans. The 30,000 year old bones that were unearthed in Pestera Muierii, a Romanian cave, was said to have resemblances in both Neanderthals and humans (Billings). What these similarities suggest was the possibility that early human beings and Neanderthals may have mated with each other and have successfully produced an offspring. According to Trinkaus, these Muierii fossils were the remnants of the early modern human beings plus some three or four characteristics which resembles that of the Neanderthals. This includes the bulge which is located at the back of the cranium. He said that these could either be a sign of re-evolving from the African ancestors or has acquired them as descendants of those who mated with the Neanderthals. This finding by Trinkaus has been disputed by two other top anthropologists, which are Jeff Scwartz from University of Pittsburgh and Ian Tattersall of the American Museum of Natural History (Billings). According to these anthropologists, the diiference that Trinkaus see as the product of the crossbreeding of the Neanderthals and early modern human beings, were actually the result of normal variation of species. Variations like being chunky or slender, tall or short are most probably the results of species variation rather than interbreeding. These are the things that make them distinct from other species, since no two species are exactly similar with each other. The bulge on the head that Trinkaus claims were actually is the wedge-shaped snouts of the Neanderthal fossils and a depression in the back of their heads, instead of a bulge. These differences in their findings were actually the result of their different attacks on the topic. Trinkaus point of view was more on the aspect of the physical differences that species has undergone. He attributed the size and built of the unearthed specimen as a character of the Neanderthals, while having features the same of that of the early modern human beings. He didn’t consider the possibility of a species variation, like when there are tall and short human beings. Schwartz and Tatersall considered the aspect of this species variation, and have dismissed the findings of Trinkaus. But they have agreed with the similarity which was brought about by the genetic makeup of the Neanderthals and the human beings. Furthermore, their idea dismisses the possibility of interbreeding happening on early modern human beings and the Neanderthals. Though they have almost the same genetic makeup, it doesn’t mean that they are able to interbreed with each other, though they are different species. What the genetic similarity would establish is that they are both coming from the same lineage, the same ancestry, that have branched out hundred of thousand years ago. In the advent of technology, researchers are able to find that Neanderthals are similar to that of the early modern human beings. Because of these they were able to establish that we came from the same ancestry as that of the Neanderthals. There were researches that points out that the present day human beings might have been the result of the interbreeding between the early modern humans and the Neanderthals, but there are also researches that dismisses this findings. We share the same lineage as that of the early hominid Homo neanderthalensis but it doesn’t necessarily mean that we are the result of them interbreeding with early modern human beings. The idea is nonetheless probable, but is close to being implausible. References: Billings, Lee. â€Å"Genetic and Fossil Evidence Comes Together to Reveal a Hidden Chapter of Human History.†Ã‚   2006. Neanderthals in Our Midst.   Seed Magazine. May 7 2007. . Gianaro, Catherine. â€Å"Humans, Neanderthals Share Common Ancestry, yet Have Nothing in Common after Evolutionary Split of Two Species†.   2006.   University of Chicago Chronicle. May 7 2007. . Hsu, Steve. â€Å"Neanderthal-Human Interbreeding â€Å".   2006.   Information Processing. May 7 2007. . Mozes, Alan. â€Å"Neanderthal DNA Shows No Interbreeding with Humans, the Two Groups Do Share 99.5 Percent of Their Genes, However†.   2006.   Health On the Net Foundation. May 7 2007. . Yarris, Lynn, and Edward Rubin. â€Å"Neanderthal Genome Sequencing Yields Surprising Results and Opens a New Door to Future Studies†.   2006.   Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. May 7 2007. .      

The Partition Of Israel And Palestine - 966 Words

Since the UN partition of Israel and Palestine in 1947, Israel has been placed in many instances of conflict between the Jewish migrants to the region and the Palestinian natives. Several conflicts resulted in open, declared war, such as the First Arab-Israeli War of 1948-1949, and the Yom Kippur War of 1973. In addition, Israel has been involved in the occupation of the West Bank and the blockade of the Gaza Strip. After the last open war, Israel’s occupation of the West Bank has been marked by the military governorate, taking political and institutional control of the region that is ethnically and religiously different than the population that resides in the Jewish state of Israel. As of recent years, conflict between the Jewish and†¦show more content†¦In addition, I will examine the current state of political and human rights in Israeli occupied West Bank and analyze how they are approaching a level of apartheid. Finally, I will summarize the effects of these soci al tensions between Israel and Palestinians in the terms of how potential open conflict could reignite. To prove my claim, I’ll be providing sources mainly from political analyst as well as socio-religious experts globally and regionally. These can be published research and analysis sources, such as the Brookings Institute, CIA World Factbook or the Pew Research Center, or reputable news sources such as the New York Times and The Economist. In addition, experts in the topic, such as spokespersons from groups such as Arab American Institute. In general, I will avoid â€Å"click bait† news sources such as Buzzfeed and Vice as they are mostly opinionated and don’t place as much emphasis on logos-based arguments. By focusing on fact-based articles, I will be able to better further my argument, which constitutes a fact-based complex claim on the social conflict between Jewish and Palestinian. Sample As of recent years, with the rise of right-wing, nationalistic politicians in Israel, the hunger for settlement of Palestine has increased. Seeing the land as theirs to take, more and more Jewish settlements have been improved and expanded on in the West Bank, culminating and high profile confrontations between the new Jewish settlers and the PalestinianShow MoreRelatedThe Israeli Palestinian Conflict And The Jewish Movement1230 Words   |  5 Pagesseveral significant events. The Israeli-palestinian conflict is one that goes way back to the time of the Old Testament. The land known as Israel, was given to the jewish people by God through Abraham. God Promised to give Abraham s descendants the land eternally. Throughout the thousand of years, thousands of Arabs have moved to those lands which they called Palestine. When it comes to whom should own the land, both sides have credible arguments. The Jews say that it is written in the Bible while theRead MoreUnintended Consequences - Israel from Palestine1297 Words   |  6 PagesHolocaust’s causation in the creation of Israel and generous partition of Palestine is the potential for nations to pity the Jews for their suffering. In truth, Zionism wasn’t offered any gains by the Holocaust. Not only was the genocide irrelevant to the argument of Zionism to the rest of the world, but it also couldn’t be pitied, as it was not yet understood. Overall, the Palestine question – and it w as just that: a question regarding Palestine, not Israel – was answered based on the state of eventsRead MoreThe Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe Israeli-Palestinian conflict was started when the United Nations proposed the partition plan for Jewish homeland in 1947. The Jewish agrees with the plan but the Palestinians disagree because they think it is unfair for their land being taken. Since then, many wars have been fought between Israel and Palestinians such as: -1948 War of independence -1956 Sinai war -1967 six day war -1973 Yom Kippur war etc. These wars had made angry Palestinian lostRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict : The Palestine1533 Words   |  7 PagesThe Arab-Israeli Conflict has roots from centuries ago. Zionists sought to reestablish the Land of Israel in the area of Palestine The conflict is a result of the Zionist movement, declaration of the Israeli state, and the invasion of Arab nations into Israel. Entering the war, the Arab nations are more superior militarily, and a shift in strength is seen as Israel emerges with the passage of time as a force to be reckoned with. The historical implications of this conflict are directly tied to theRead MoreThe Arab Israeli War ( 1948-49 ) A Political Conflict?1719 Words   |  7 Pagesnecessary. On November 29, 1947 the United Nations decided to partition the former British Mandate of Palestine - the religious and historical ‘homeland’ of the Jews - creating side-by-side Jewish and Palestinian states. This political solution was known as ‘Resolution 181’ or the ‘Partition Resolution (Israel and Judaism Studies, accessed 2017).’ This course of action brought with it far reaching and unforeseen consequences. The ‘Partition Resolution’ failed for several reasons. Firstly, the PalestinianRead MoreThe Creation Of The Jewish State As Part Of Palestine1281 Words   |  6 PagesIsrael is a small country in southwestern Asia that was founded in 1948 as a sanctuary for Jews from all parts of the world. Israel lies along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and is bordered by Syria and Lebanon to the north, Egypt to the southwest, and Jordan to the east. Jerusalem is the capitol and the largest city in Israel. It is considered by many faiths to be the holiest city in the world. A lot of people think that United Nations were the one who gave birth to Israel, howeverRead MoreUnintended Consequences - Israel from Palestine1356 Words   |  6 Pagesfacing, and it cannot be stressed enough that Israel was a quite distant thought, if ever considered at all. Before deciding on the Partition of Palestine, the United Nations considered factors as diverse as politics and social implications; however, the devastating Holocaust was a blow to Israel’s immigrant population and Zionist support; in fact, the creation of Israel sparked new problems for international relations. Background The land of Palestine, which lies along the Eastern Coast of the MediterraneanRead More The Israeli and Palestinian Conflict Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesThe Israeli and Palestinian Conflict - Many Questions, Few Answers Unless the Israelis and Palestinians could not compromise, negotiate and come to an agreement, peace is impossible in the Middle East and even the security fence that Israel is now building will not solve the conflict nor stop terrorist actions by Palestinian extremists. The Israelis and Palestinians need to compromise and negotiate, as suggested by the words written on that wall, â€Å"Peace comes (with) agreement not separation.†Read MoreThe Conflict Of The Arab Israeli Conflict1420 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen devoted to the topic of Israel and the underlying causes of the Arab-Israeli conflict; all of which seek to discern the culprit and contrive a remedy. The story behind this age old conflict is, as quoted by Israeli historian Illan Pappe, â€Å"the simple but horrific story of the ethnic cleansing of Palestine† (qtd. In â€Å"The Catastrophe†). As such, thorough review of the causes behind this ethnocentric conflict is vital in understanding the tumultuous power struggle in Israel and the violent instabilityRead MoreWorld War II And The Holocaust940 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation in Palestine grew tremendously. The growth created a lot of violence between Jews and Arabic’s. This violence ultimately led to Britain to make a big decision on the future of Palestine. This with the fueling of World War II and the Holocaust caused international support for Zionism. So, in 1948 they established official declaration of the State of Israel (Cohen, 2003; Levin, 1974.) David Ben-Gurion, who was the head of the Jewish Agency, help establishes the state of Israel (Brandon, 2004

Normal Diet - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 624 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Diet Essay Did you like this example? In our western world we have inherent bias when we discuss our diets versus foreign ones. We think some of the things other people eat are strange, unappealing, and sometimes even offensive. We are so engrained in our traditional western ways of eating that it is difficult to believe all the diversity in diets present around the world today. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Normal Diet" essay for you Create order However, all different people have a reason they eat the way they do. Through analyzing the Netsilik diet and their way of life, I realized a different perspective and understand why their diet is so â€Å"bizarre† to us, but vital to them. The Netsilik are located around the artic coast of present day Canada, west of The Hudson Bay. They inhabit over 100,000 km of territory that covers between The Committee Bay, Victoria Strait, and Somerset Island. (Jean L. Briggs, 2006) The climate in this region is frigid all year round ranging from -20 degrees in the winter and 47 degrees in the summer on average. (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannic, 2016) Consequently, it is critical for them to stay warm to be able to stay alive in the harsh conditions. They are a community of nomadic hunters who live in small shifting family groups of 5 to 6 people. Each family group combines with 6 to 10 other family groups and hunt as a tribe. They have no legitimate leader or chief and generally govern themselves within their family groups. This creates a culture of sharing their food sources equally and helping each individual live because everyone’s labor is needed in order for the whole group to survive. They speak in a dialect of Inuktitut, which is derived from the Inuit language. Their name translates to English as â€Å"people of the place where the seal is.† Their name explains a large part of their diet, which consists of many different types of game. They hunt a seal, caribou, muskoxen, and even polar bear at times. They also catch a variety of fish in their nearby lakes including salmon, trout, and char. Agriculture is impossible in their geographic location because the soil is not rich because of their hostile climate. (Findlay et al. 2007). Although in the western world we find that consuming animals like seal and polar bear is odd, the reason behind why they choose to hunt these animals is rooted in their religious traditions. In Netsilik culture, they put every part of their kill to good use and it is significant to them because it shows an animal’s sacrifice to them will not be spoiled. An example of this is when they kill a fresh seal they eat the liver raw and drink its blood on the site of the hunt. They do this to appease their seal goddess and this is religiously important to them because it suggest that there is a mutual connection between all human beings and animals on Earth. Their religious association with the food ensures that they efficiently take advantage of each component of the animal. It does not only mean consumption. It also means that they use every resource they acquire from the animal to make tools and technology in order to survive. They use the skin for clothes to keep warm and use the blubber to produce oil, which gives them fuel. Without this mindset of sustainability in their diet, the Netsilik people would not be able to survive rigid environment they live in. What is common about the Netsilik diet is that all of their food is meat and is extremely high in fat and protein. They use these nutrients because they specifically help them withstand long-term exposure to the cold elements. The high amounts of protein help increase their metabolic processes, which helps them retain heat over a long period of time.

Pmw Literature Review - 718 Words

An increasing number of evidence supports how PMW assistance improves the quality and readability of the publication, enhances the submission process, and increases the chance of publication in a peer-reviewed journal (Bailey, 2011; Woolley, 2011; Gattrell, 2016; Shah, 2016). Despite the involvement of PMWs in the publication of clinical trials data in peer-reviewed journals has several advantages, few data show what value corresponding authors place on PMWs. My short online survey attempted to fill this gap gathering perspectives of corresponding authors both with and without PMW working experience. My survey aimed at assessing their opinions and gaining insights into their understanding of PMW assistance in several steps of the†¦show more content†¦My inability to reach the selected corresponding authors could be due to the corresponding authors no-n-adherence to the ORCID registry, for instance. Therefore, PMWs and medcomms agencies should encourage ORCID propagation among their network of authors. The response rate (RR) for my survey was 14.3% (32/223), which is lower than what previously reported in online surveys of corresponding authors. RR of Marchington (2014) and Camby (2014) studies was 29.2% (76/260) and 32.6% (415/1263), respectively. However, my survey is not entirely comparable with these two previous surveys. In Marchington’s study, 260 academic and clinical authors were surveyed, but as outlined by the authors, this population may have been biased as it included only authors who used PMWs and were linked to one particular medcomms agency. Camby and colleagues instead conducted a large online follow-up survey. A total of 1263 investigators and researchers who had previously authored at least one publication in collaboration with GSK Vaccines were invited. The main strength of my survey compared to Marchington’s study was its completely blinded and systematic method to select the corresponding authors. Because of its unbiased and unsolicited nature, it might be reasonable that my RR is nearly half of that reported in Marchington’s survey (14.3% versus 29.2%). Although my RR is not too high, it is almost in line with the RR of another survey conducted among 327Show MoreRelatedPmw Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesPMWs often undertake professional development programmes provided by the three leading medical writers professional organisations, the American Medical Writing Association (AMWA), the European Medical Writing Association (EMWA), and the ISMPP to be regularly updated in this regard (Bissau, 2015). The ISMPP, founded in 2005 to enhance medical publication integrity and transparency and to improve standards and best practice, believes that â€Å"medical writers can often improve the efficiency and effectivenessRead MoreRandomised Controlled Trials Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagescommunication of scientific advances to a wide range of healthcare providers. This dissemination is crucial for ensuring that clinical decisions made by healthcare professionals and patients reflect the best scientific evidence. The peer-reviewed biomedical literature is, in fact, the key source for making treatment decisions in a rational, fair and objective manner (JAMA), and scientists are not the only people who benefit from publication of clinical trial results. Also, patients and their physicians gain knowledge

Thematic Essay About Belief Systems free essay sample

Their hubris does not make them evil, but it is dubious whether they can be considered good, Repenting for past wrongs does not erase mistakes, for the effects of these mistakes are not rescinded with an apology. In the story Antigone by Sophcoles, Creon was mistaken of not burying Polynieces because he thought that he was right by creating his own law. However, when Antigone tries to bury polynieces, a dust storm comes and hides her from the guards. It shows that gods are on her side and the dust storm symbolizes that gods are on Antigones side because gods believe what Antigone have done is right, burying Polynieces is gods law . Creon initially rejecting the prophets advice to yield , subsequently conceded to the wise prophets advice, but it was too late. Antigone had hung herself, Haemon had died of his own sword , and Eurydice, his wife had killed herself out of grief. However, when Antigone tries to bury polynieces, a dust storm comes and hides her from the guards. It shows that gods are on her side and the dust storm symbolizes that gods are on Antigones side because gods believe what Antigone have done is right, burying Polynieces is gods law . Creon initially rejecting the prophets advice to yield , subsequently conceded to the wise prophets advice, but it was too late. Antigone had hung herself, Haemon had died of his own sword , and Eurydice, his wife had killed herself out of grief. In attempting to prevent disorder. A destroyed man realizing his errors. Creons tragic downfall was the result of his pride, he was consequently forced to live through the plague that he has caused. This example shows that having too much pride is being afraid of something u will lose, because anything could happen to you and you can get punished by the god. In the story Everyday Use by Alice Walter , Dee burns down the house and the reason why was, she did not wanted to live and didnt liked the house, she was the person who thinked a lot more about herself just because shes more educated, stylish and intelligent than the other people around her,the too much pride she had she thought she deserves more than Maggie and wanted to get the quilts, but Mama takes it and gives it to Maggie. The conflict between Dee and Mama was the quilts. Dee leaves the house without taking the quilts and without fixing her mistakes that she was made by. It characterizes Dee as a selfish person that has too much pride in her and Maggie as an innocent person. The above example shows that having too much pride is the worse thing and it could lead to different results. Wise person once started All men make mistakes, but a good man yields when he knows his course is wrong and repairs the evil. The only crime is pride. In other words, All men make mistakes but a good man admits his mistakes and has to overcome his pride . In the two plays we have been proven on the top above, Creon and Antigone both have the characteristics of tragic heroes but demonstrate those characteristics in different ways and the story everyday use we can describe that the reader is impressed with Mamas courage and defense of Maggie, the daughter who has a deeper understanding of what is important in life than her high and mighty older sister. Unfortunately , people rescind their mistakes too late. Their hubris does not make them evil, but it is dubious whether they can be considered good nor bad.

Opportunity Development Through Corporate Venturing

Introduction Firms engage in new ventures to remain competitive. New ventures are endeavors in pursuit of new revenue streams. The firm has to consider internal and external factors that are likely to affect the revenue in the process of identifying new ventures (Armstrong et al. 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Opportunity Development Through Corporate Venturing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper discusses the introduction of a new mobile money transfer service as a business venture. A firm could engage in internal or external corporate venturing. The business venture is born because of a gap identified in the market. Again Boston Consulting Group (2005) suggests that this calls for the need for customers to transfer money at minimal charges and with relative ease. The venture requires a large capital outlay. Implementation and commercialization of the service is expected to follow the business li fe cycle. Success in marketing of the new corporate venture will rely heavily on how well the marketing appeals to the customers’ adoption process. The organization selected is a mobile telephony company. The business opportunity is provision of money transfer services through the phone. External analysis of the firm This involves analyzing the opportunities and threats the environment holds for the business. For the purpose of this analysis, the environment can be grouped in macro and task environment. The macro will involve an analysis of the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal framework. An evaluation of the task environment will involve an analysis of the customers, suppliers, labour and competitors (Chen Chang Fan 2008). On the macro-economic front, it will be critical to analyze the economic trends. Opportunities prevailing include economic expansion, which will boost demand for the service (Gilley 1989). With a growing economy, the need to transfer money conveniently and fast stands to guarantee uptake of the service by customers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the political front, the country is stable and there is an active campaign to market the country to willing investors. Socially, the nature of the country’s populace is such that very few are banked. This implies that small and medium scale businesses transact through other avenues other than banks (Boston Consulting Group, 2005). This presents the firm with potential clientele. Technologically, the customers stand to benefit from the new service in that there will be no need to travel or exchange physical documents like cheques and receipts to confirm sealed deals. The service will facilitate business transactions that are geared towards economic growth. The inconveniencing paper trails of money transfer will be reduced, consequently, th e initiative will contribute to environmental conservation of trees and less dumping of paper (Centennial business summit 2008). There are challenges that one ought to overcome in case implementation of the new venture is to succeed. Some of the challenged include obtaining political goodwill, competition, financing, lack of specialized equipment. As such, customers could take too much time to warm up to the new service for fear of security of their funds. Ultimately, the regulators may be opposed to such a venture or limit transfer amounts (Armstrong et al. 2004). Internal analysis This will involve an analysis of those factors that create a competitive advantage and those that limit the firm. These are strengths and weaknesses that the firm meets in its operation. The strengths and weaknesses count as the salient aspects to consider under internal analysis in relation to strengths. These include experience of the firm, management of the firm and its recent successes, market penetr ation by its marketing and sales team. According to Wheeler, Fabig and Boele (2002), availability of a platform on which to run the new service are fundamental in this endeavor. Effective information management systems count significantly in the smooth operation of the business that effects better decision making. Good standing with financial institutions guarantees credit lines that favor the company. As Carrand and Oliphant say: Before you commerce in business you must have a certain sum of money available for starting the enterprise; that is, a certain amount of Business Capital. The amount of capital need will naturally depend upon the nature and extent of the business concerned. It is not essential; however, that you should possess all this capital yourself, as a great deal of modern business is carried on with borrowed capital.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Opportunity Development Through Corporate Venturing specifically for you for only $16. 05 $11/page Learn More But you must remember that if you run your business on partly borrowed capital you will have to pay interest on the sum borrowed and therefore will be at a disadvantage compared with a competitor who uses his own capital. (Carrand and Oliphant, 1973, p 21) It must not be lost to the firm that there are inherent internal weaknesses to contend. Some of these weaknesses include drying up of credit lines because of bad debts, worn out plant and machinery, poor market research, poor staff preparedness and management and duration of patents. The firm already has an existing base of distributors. It only needs to tap in to this existing network by incentivizing the distributors through commissions and bonuses based on the volume of the new product they move. The business venture is born because of a gap identified in the market. As Mugala writes: A company should start by analyzing the environment. It should set a market intelligence system to track im portant developments and trends such as changes in income, spending patterns, savings rate, regulatory framework, etc. After identifying the implied opportunities and threats, it should then evaluate the opportunities in terms of their attractiveness, size, growth potential and profitability. It should choose those opportunities for the company possesses the required strengths or f it can develop (Mugala, 1999, p 25). This presents the need for customers to transfer money on minimal charges and relative ease. In addition, the venture sits well with the firm’s mission to be the leading telephony company in the country. Such a venture will go a long way in giving the company a competitive advantage. Resource base Availability of resources necessary for the success of the venture will be crucial. Finance for the entire venture will have to be availed. The scale of the venture will determine if external funds will need to be sourced from financial institutions or rights issue.Adv ertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the key aspects of financing will include infrastructure (plant and equipment), sales and marketing, hiring of specialized skills and training of new and existing staff (Boston Consulting Group, 2005). The success of this venture will rely heavily on the marketing and commercialization of the new service. Secondly, information technology needs will need to be addressed. This involves infrastructure of the new operating system, good information management systems, hiring of back office operators, and training of existing distributors on the mechanism of the new money transfer system (Swift Zadek 2002). Thirdly, a critical look at intellectual property rights will be paramount. This includes branding of the money transfer system and patenting of the service. Fourth, the legal aspect of the transfer of money through a new platform will need to be addressed with the regulator. The firm had previously got on board a data hub service. This venture required a large capital outlay on the onset. Profits from the venture were only realized in the growth stage of the products life cycle (Unity Marketing 2005). This venture was undertaken to cash in on the desire expressed by many organizations in the economy to concentrate on their core competencies and transfer overheads related to their non-core business functions to more specialized companies. The business gained traction by strategic advertising, venturing into new market segments, increased sales promotion activities and maintaining stable prices (Lovelock and Wirtz 2007). Being a business in the emerging industries category the firm was able to attract a lot of attention and investments in the early stages of the product. This led to a rapid grow of new customer, increased market penetration and competitive advantage. To achieve this, the firm had to take a considerable risk. It took the research and development team one year to conduct feasibility studies before the venture was given a go ahead. The ventu re was aimed at adding to the firm existing product portfolio and adding value to its customers. The venture was an initiative of the firm with no outside partnership. This meant the firm had to have a solid business proposal to convince banks to advance credit. Along the process of research and development up to the product introduction point, many challenges were encountered. Some of the challenges encountered included, logistical problems, availability of skilled labour and technical problems. However this served to galvanize the team contributing to the eventual success of the project. â€Å"It is desirable that one should know something about the general nature of the business one proposes to carry on. This gives experience. Yet you will find that a good many tradesmen have the vaguest knowledge of its more technical side† (Carrand and Oliphant, 1973, p 21). New business venture proposal Emerging industries have tremendous growth and equally face is a great deal of compe tition and uncertainty. With this in mind, the firm should seek to create a win early strategy which enables a company to grow as quickly as possible in the process creating a brand name that customers can associate with (Birch 2002). The company has to be the best by establishing highly efficient performance standards. In so doing, it creates a gap between itself and the competition. Apart from that, this new venture establishes a superior niche market. The company being in the telephony industry should take advantage of new technology to reap maximum benefits since technology changes rapidly. With ever present competition, building brand loyalty will be key. The quicker the company creates brand loyalty, the better placed it is to insulate itself from the competition. Innovation is the key word, a daily process for any marketer in the liberalized world today. Technological innovations have turned this world into a global village. Managing a cross-cultural global market is a challe nging task for the marketing personnel. Corporates are having a hard time to look at their products getting to markets prior to making a decision on the marketing strategy (Mugala, 1999, p.25). Recommendation of a suitable implementation mechanism Implementation has to be in line with the set plan on management, finance, human resource, marketing and operations. Since it’s a money transfer service a trial will have to be conducted on a test market before the eventual roll out to the entire market. As suggested by Timmons, Gillin, Burshtei Spinelli (2010), the company will outsource the training of the new service to another firm. The firm will be responsible for the training of all the existing and new distributors. They will supply the materials needed for the service and brand the distributors premises. Training will be a continuous process. This is because an additional improvements made on the product will have to be communicated to the distributor without failure (Biebe r Meurer 2010). This will enables the company to concentrate its efforts on the operations of the new venture. Teamwork will aid achieve better results. A good team outperforms a group and outperforms all reasonable expectations of its individual members. Meaning a team produces synergy. Team members must be committed to each other’s personal growth and success, as well as that of the team. Team members also share ideas on what traditional or company policy orientation. Management functions such as planning, organizing, setting performance goals, assessing performance are important to consider. Again, developing their own strategies to manage change and securing their resources are of fundamental consideration (Carrand Oliphant 1975). In any given market, buyers differ in the speed and willingness to accept new products. Buying behavior of customers needs to be understood by a company launching a new product. An individual goes through a set of successive decisions before b uying a new product. The adoption process involves awareness, interest, trial and confirmation of the new product. Adaptor categories include innovators, early adaptors, early majority and late majority. The firm intends to launch into the market a mobile service, which enables customers to receive and send money through their mobile phones. This will be done in line with the business cycle that involves the introduction, growth, maturity and decline stages. At the introduction stage, competitive advantage will be gained since the company is the first to venture into the market with such a product. In the process, the company will create brand recognition. This strong brand recognition will serve as a strong switching cost. In the event that a competitor may surface, customers will be reluctant to switch to the new entrant (Boston Consulting Group, 2005). This competitive advantage should be maintained by continuously improving the product with the change in technology. The marketin g objective at this stage is to promote consumer awareness. At the growth stage, there is less pressure and there will be exciting advances in new technology and sales volume. At this stage, developing innovative expertise will be easier. Being the only service of its kind in the market, the service is likely to enjoy huge demand. This will most likely attract new competitors. The company will have balance short-term returns with long-term viability. Sale will grow rapidly and this may attract competitors (GOOGOL 2000). The objective at this stage is to maintain growth in sales by improving on the new venture. New distributors may be interested in the new venture due to the returns in the venture. The firm will cease this opportunity as a market development strategy. At the maturity stage, the service is likely to have four characteristics. It will lack continued growth, it will lack patent protection on some of the key technologies, experience will cease to provide an advantage to other competitors and it will have few avenues for differentiation (Unity Marketing 2005). The firm may consider introducing other services on the same platform that add value to the customer. For example, pay bill services, purchase of goods and collaborating with banks on mobile banking. At the decline stage, the firm should re-evaluate its viability. Should it find that its competitive advantage is still strong, it should reposition the business as a long term survivor in a dwindling market. There are four strategies to consider at this stage. The firm should either divest (sell out), harvest (let the business wither gradually), niche (focus only on a section of the market with sustained demand), and leadership (position itself so that it has the lion’s share of the dwindling market). For the venture to succeed a great investment has to be made on human resource development. The technical department has to make sure that there is no server that is not functional as this mi ght delay funds transfer and inconvenience customers. The focus of Human Resource Development (HRD) is to develop the most superior workforce. Organizations have many opportunities for HRD both within and outside the workplace. This will regulate motivation among regular and non-regular employees. The need for human resources development should be understood by both the employees and the employer. HRD should be implemented systematically. HRD is important in an organization to do the tasks. Non-regular employees can be given training. In today’s scenario it is important to educate and train employees about the change. Quality needs to be assured. There are many strategies for this development. First, there should be a plan. This plan should be discussed and adhered to. Finally, this plan should be executed for the desired output. The employees should also benefit from it. The extent to which people will give suggestions and ideas for improvement will depend to a large extent on human resources development strategies in a firm (Unity Marketing 2005). Conclusion The mobile telephony industry is a rapidly changing industry in terms of technology. A certification acquired today may not be valid after three years. Reviews have to be made to the old certifications. This makes human resource development a continuous process (Unity Marketing 2005). This asset has to be protected from competitors who will be out to offer good deals to the firm’s employees. Long-term investment plan will be necessary to aid the firm’s new venture to be the best and eventually roll out its operations globally. According to Final Report of the Expert Group (2008), many companies rush to cash in on new ventures but are eventually bought by their rivals at maturity due to the lack of innovation and failure to maintain their competitive advantage. Again, Final Report of the Expert Group (2002) reiterate in the same voice that survive, the firm has to focus on long-term p rojects through taking risks which they know its market trend. The company should be consistent, relevant and continually improve on its financial, human and technical capabilities (Reference USA Database of Business 2007). References Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Cunningham, P., Mitchell, P. (2004). Marketing and introduction (Canadian ed.). Toronto: Prentice-Hall. Bieber, DG., Meurer, R. (2010). Example online marketplace for hotels Whigoo Thomas Surmann. Whigoo. Retrieved from http://www.whigoo.com Birch, D. (2002, December). Slump, what slump in Small Business. USA: Fortune Magazine. Holt, R., Winston. (2005). 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Decorative market manufacturers in the U.S. Retrieved from Reference USA Web site: http://www.referenceusa.com/ Swift, T., Zadek, S. (2002). Corporate responsibility and the comparative advantage of nations. London, Copenhagen: The Copenhagen Centre, and Accountability. Timmons , J., Gillin, L., Burshtei, S., Spinelli, S. (2010). New venture creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st century – A Pacific rim perspective. Australi: MacGraw Hill. Unity Marketing. (2005). Unity marketing study shows candle market becoming more consolid ated as consumers turn to mass merchants. Retrieved from Unity Marketing Web site: http://www.unitymarketingonline.com Wheeler, D., Fabig, H., Boele, R. (2002). Paradoxes and dilemmas for stakeholder responsive firms in the extractive sector: lessons from the case of shell and the ogoni. Journal of Business Ethics, 39(3), 297-318. 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